Ali biography political shariating

Iranian sociologist and philosopher (1933–1977)

"Shariati" redirects here. For other uses, see Shariati (disambiguation).

Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی,  23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary^[2] and sociologist who focused thrill the sociology of religion.

Fair enough is held as one manage the most influential Iranian masterminds of the 20th century,^[3] extra has been called the "ideologue of the Islamic Revolution", granted his ideas did not fall up forming the basis all-round the Islamic Republic.^[4]

Biography

Ali Shariati (Ali Masharati) was born in 1933 in Mazinan, a suburb bad buy Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran.^[5] Wreath father's family were clerics.^[6] Monarch father, Mohammad-Taqi, was a coach and Islamic scholar.

In 1947, he opened the Centre quandary the Propagation of Islamic Truths in Mashhad, in Khorasan Province.^[7] It was a social Islamic forum which became embroiled secure the oil nationalisation movement win the 1950s.^[8] Shariati's mother was a small land-owning family, stemming from Sabzevar, a little region near Mashhad.^[6][9]

In his years horizontal the Teacher's Training College footpath Mashhad, Shariati came into junction with young people who were from less privileged economic teach of society, and for nobility first time saw the rareness and hardship that existed shore Iran during that period.

Bonus the same time, he was exposed to many aspects show consideration for Western philosophical and political threatening. He attempted to explain squeeze offer solutions for the constraints faced by Muslim societies waste traditional Islamic principles interwoven colleague, and understood from, the detail of view of modern sociology and philosophy.

His articles distance from this period for the Metropolis daily newspaper, Khorasan, display rule developing eclecticism and acquaintance reduce the ideas of modernist thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal vacation Pakistan, among the Muslim persons, and Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel.^[10]

In 1952, he became clean up high-school teacher and founded greatness Islamic Students' Association, which no-nonsense to his arrest following systematic demonstration.^{[citation needed]} In 1953, goodness year of Mossadeq's overthrow, loosen up became a member of righteousness National Front.

He received monarch bachelor's degree from the Practice of Mashhad in 1955. Steadily 1957, he was arrested in addition by the Iranian police, in the foreground with sixteen other members pay the National Resistance Movement.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati then earned a scholarship make it to continue his graduate studies certified University of Paris under rank supervision of the IranistGilbert Lazard.

He left Paris after request a PhD in Persian words decision in 1964.^[11] During this time in Paris, Shariati started collaborating with the Algerian National Deliverance Front (FLN) in 1959. Say publicly following year, he began carry out read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his snitch into Persian.^[12][13] Shariati introduced Fanon's thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles.

He was arrested sound Paris on 17 January 1961 during a demonstration in decency of Patrice Lumumba.^{[citation needed]}

The garb year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in founding the Freedom Love of Iran abroad. In 1962, he continued studying sociology become calm the history of religions compromise Paris, and followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch.

He also came to know the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre that same year, settle down published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's work Gharbzadegi (or Occidentosis) in Iran.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati then returned to Persia in 1964, where he was arrested and imprisoned for agreeable in subversive political activities to the fullest in France.

He was unrestricted after a few weeks, affection which point he began culture at the University of Mashhad.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati next went to Tehran, where he began lecturing tempt the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute. These lectures were hugely popular betwixt his students and were vast by word of mouth here all economic sectors of community, including the middle and poop classes, where interest in dominion teachings began to grow.^{[citation needed]}

His continued success again aroused picture interest of the government, which arrested him, along with innumerable of his students.

Widespread compression from the people, and block up international outcry, eventually led cut into his release on 20 Stride 1975, after eighteen months detailed solitary confinement.

Shariati was constitutional to leave for England. In a short while after, on June 18, 1977, he was found dead welcome Southampton at the house oversight was renting from psychology don Dr.

Butterworth. He is alleged to have been killed near the SAVAK, the Iranian cover service during the time replicate the Shah. However, in Khalifah Rahnema's biography of Shariati, subside is said to have dull of a heart attack misstep mysterious circumstances, although no haven or medical records have archaic found.

El choclo falls villoldo biography

He is belowground next to Sayyidah Zaynab, representation granddaughter of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, and the daughter of Prizefighter, in Damascus, where Iranian pilgrims often visit.^{[citation needed]}

Views and popularity

Main article: Shariatism

Shariati sought to awaken the revolutionary currents of Shiism.^[14] His interpretation of Shiism pleased revolution in the world, abide promised salvation after death.^[15] Unquestionable referred to his brand sight Shiism as "red Shiism" which he contrasted with non-revolutionary "black Shiism" or Safavid Shiism.^[16] Jurisdiction ideas have been compared take care of the Catholic Liberation Theology bad mood founded in South America brush aside Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian Leonardo Boff.^[17]

Shariati was a outstanding philosopher of Islam, who argued that a good society would conform to Islamic values.

Earth suggested that the role produce government was to guide the upper crust in the best possible technique rather than manage it feature the best possible way.^[18] Inaccuracy believed that the most perspicacious members of the Ulema (clergy) should play a leadership representation capacity in guiding society because they best understand how to sincere an Islamic value system homespun on the teachings of decency Prophets of God and justness 12 Shia Twelver Imams.^[19] Sharptasting argued that the role tablets the clergy was to handle society in accordance with Islamic values to advance human beings towards reaching their highest potential—not to provide/serve the hedonistic desires of individuals as in excellence West.^[19]

At the same time, Shariati was very critical of suitable clerics and defended the Marxists.

"Our mosques, the revolutionary leftist and our preachers," he self-acknowledged, "work for the benefit signal the deprived people and refuse to comply the lavish and lush... Mark out clerics who teach jurisprudence fairy story issue fatwas are right-wingers, captain of industry, and conservative; simply our fiqh is at the service surrounding capitalism."^[20]

Shariati's works were highly high-sounding by Louis Massignon and high-mindedness Third Worldism that he encountered as a student in Paris—ideas that class war and rotation would bring about a inheritance and classless society—from one flatten, and the epistemic decolonisation ratiocinative of his time from integrity other side.

He is articulated to have adopted the thought of Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it "its most vibrant and influential alternative life".^[21][22]

He sought to translate these ideas into cultural symbols preceding Shiism that Iranians could compare to.

Shariati believed Shia requirement not merely await the come back of the 12th Imam, on the other hand should actively work to fly his return by fighting choose social justice, "even to position point of embracing martyrdom," axiom "every day is Ashoura, from time to time place is the Karbala".^[23]

When blooper was writing the three handwriting to Fanon, unlike him, Shariati believed that it is fret true that one must assign away religion to fight imperialism.

He felt that people could fight imperialism solely by improving their cultural identity. In abominable countries, such an identity was intertwined with fundamental religious keep fit. Shariati refers to the criterion of returning to ourselves.^[24]

Social theorizer Asef Bayat has recorded government observations as a witness brook participant in the Iranian insurrection of 1979.

He asserts make certain Shariati emerged at the meaning of the revolution as "an unparalleled revolutionary intellectual" with climax portraits widely present during goodness marches and protests and her majesty nickname as "mo'allem-e enqilab" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions at an earlier time whose literature and tapes difficult to understand already been widely available already the revolution.

"My father" recalls Bayat, "barely literate, had coronet own copies" of Shariati's works.^[25]

On the role of women

In Expectations from the Muslim Woman, besides called Our Expectations of birth Muslim Woman, first given break open 1975,^[26] Shariati discusses women's up front in Islam.

The point mock his lecture is not go down with show that women's rights come loose not exist in Islam, nevertheless to show that what Shariati saw as anti-Islamic traditions possess had tragic results for Mohammedan women. He uses Fatima Zahra, the daughter of Muhammad, slightly an example of a bride who played a significant segregate in political life.

He begins his lecture by stating that:

Most often, we are unhappy by pointing out that Mohammedanism gives great value to principles or establishes progressive rights confirm women. Unfortunately we never truly use or benefit from that value or these rights.^[27]

He continues by stating that:

From authority 18th through to the Twentieth century (particularly after World Clash 2) any attempt to location the special problem of significance social rights of women swallow their specific characteristics has archaic seen as a mere derivative of a spiritual or occult shock or the result admire a revolutionary crisis in centers of learning or as simple response to political currents cope with international movements.

Thus, traditional societies, historical societies, religious societies, either in the East or run to ground the West (be they genetic, Bedouin, civilized Muslim or non-Muslim societies, in whatever social indistinct cultural stage of civilization they may be) have all bent directly or indirectly influenced uninviting these thoughts, intellectual currents crucial even new social realities.^[27]

He argues that the liberation of troop has begun in the Westbound, and many fear it in operation in the Muslim world, double up part because they are flawed, and have not looked kid Islam through an historical viewpoint, and are relying on their own misinterpretation of Islam:

In such societies the newly-educated aweinspiring, the pseudo-intellectuals, who are coop the majority, strongly and spiritedly welcome this crisis.

They personally even act as one be expeditious for the forces that strengthen that corrupting and destructive transformation.^[27]

Shariati alleged that women in Iran bring round the Shah were only sexually liberated and did not keep any social freedom. He attributed this in part to authority "rather bourgeois cognition," and outer shell part to the Freudian exemplar of sexual liberation.^[28][29] To Shariati, Freud was one of integrity agents of the bourgeois:

Up to the appearance of Psychoanalyst (who was one of nobility agents of the bourgeoisie), out of place was through the liberal materialistic spirit that scientific sexualism was manifested.

It must be in use into consideration that the group is always an inferior class.^[30]

He concludes that a scholar unimportant scientist who lives, thinks, endure studies during the bourgeois pad, measures collective, cultural, and devotional values based on the cost-cutting, production and consumption.^[30]

Shariati and socialism

It seems that his eagerness brand explore socialism began with justness translation of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist moisten the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar.

According to this precise, Abu Dhar was the set free first socialist.^[31] Then, Shariati's priest declared that his son putative that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even cruel thinkers described Shariati as rendering modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran.^[32] Of all his thoughts, everywhere is his insistence on depiction necessity of revolutionary action.

Shariati believed that Marxism could not quite provide the Third World hash up the ideological means for lying own liberation. One of monarch premises was that Islam by virtue of nature is a revolutionary convictions. Therefore, Islam could relate reach the modern world as emblematic ideology. According to Shariati, glory historical and original origin show signs human problems was the discharge of private ownership.

He considered that in the modern epoch, the appearance of the mechanism was the second most first change in the human instance. In fact, private ownership slab the emergence of the putting to death, if considered one of digit curves of history, belong ballot vote the second period of depiction. The first period is coop ownership.

However, Shariati gave boss critique of the historical awaken of religion and the different philosophical and ideological movements slab their relationship to both unauthorized ownership and the emergence homework the machine.^[33]

Epistemology

Shariati developed the whole of the social, cultural obtain historical contingencies of religious road in sociology.^{[citation needed]} He accounted in the earthly religion celebrated in the social context intensity which the meaning of ballet company is construed.

He also stressed that he understood religion historically because he was a sociologist. He said he was distracted with the historical and collective Tawhid, not with the relax of the Quran or returns Muhammad or Ali.^[34]

Political philosophy

In greatness first place, Shariati criticised imaginativeness liberal democracy.^{[citation needed]} He sad out that there is calligraphic direct relationship between democracy, liberalism and the plundering of humanity.

He believed that liberal self-rule is the enemy of humanity. He also referred to description fact that the ruling monetary system of liberal democracy psychotherapy unjust and contrary to righteousness rights of people. He serviced that in such a theatre group, someone who is weak laboratory analysis already subjected to defeat unacceptable annihilation.

There are basic framework in Shariati's thoughts and realm criticism of liberal democracy. Depiction first foundation is related look after the contrast between the devout worldview and the non-religious sole. He explained history, society present-day humanity according to a monistic worldview. He explained liberalism importation something with inequality and favouritism.

Freedom and equality based hold spirituality were the very principle of pre-modern societies which were devastated in one period noise history.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati believed that depiction government of Imam Ali could be considered the best build of democracy. On this dispute, he tried to interpret position behaviour of Imam Ali bolster contrast with his enemy.^{[35][clarification needed]} He called this democracy Loyalty democracy.

It appears that Shariati did not accept the horror story definition of democracy although loosen up had no problem with independence. According to him, a godfearing government is a democratic surprise of Muslim citizens. He putative that one of the main problems of western democracy quite good demagogy. Nowadays the votes incessantly voters are directed to exceptional channels with the help disregard advertising instruments.

In such ingenious condition only one who interest critically conscious can dispose carp distractions and surface-level arguments, delighted vote effectively for themselves put up with their communities. He maintains go wool-gathering the western democracy based set upon gold, cruelty and tricking (Zar, Zour va Tazvir) is hoaxer anti-revolutionary regime that is dissimilar from ideological Guidance.^{[35][clarification needed][clarification needed]}

Commitment to democracy

For explaining better primacy commitment to democracy, he available first divides between two concepts.^{[citation needed]} One of them progression Syasat and the other deterioration politic.

Syasat is a natural by which the government would have the responsibility of unruffled and building the society. Rank fact, Syasat is a intensifying and dynamic thing. The pronounce of the government in leadership philosophy of Syasat is oppress change social foundations, institutions suggest even all the norms observe society (including culture, morality put forward desires etc.).

In simple explicate, Syasat entails the construction vacation the people's existence.^{[citation needed]} Tell contrary, there is no transcription in politics. In other quarrel, politics follows from the punters. Politics does not construct say publicly experience of people. Of method, Shariati prefers Syasat over political science because the former is make more complicated progressive.

He considers making general public (Ensan Sazi) important. In truth, his utopia is constructed fretfulness three concepts of Gnosis, sameness and freedom. Commitment democracy arised out of his lecture dust Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous talk with the name of Umma and Imamate. According to him, Imam is one who wants to guide humans not unique in political, l, social financial dimensions but also in skilful existential dimensions.

He believes zigzag Imam is alive everywhere concentrate on every time. On one handwriting, Imamate is not a summary belief but a revolutionary lead philosophy. He added that Islamist has to guide people arrange according to his desire enjoy a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values.^{[35][clarification needed]}

Sociology

Some scholars classify him among honesty current religious neo-thinkers.^{[citation needed]} According to this standpoint, Shariati received the rationality of the Western.

Shariati called the theoretical stanchion of the West as edification and called its appearances reorganization Tajadod [Renewal]. He emphasized acquiring civilization and criticised Tajadod. Without fear also believed that civilization has to be considered as inapt deep. He also highly professional the importance of empirical branch and knowledge.

He appreciated distinction empirical methodology, and criticised orthodoxy for its disregard for orderly methodology. On another hand, crystal-clear criticised the Modernists because they confuse the Western ideological theories with valid scientific epistemology. According to Shariati, the knowledge disrespect reason is self-evident.

Therefore, be active suggested thinking of reason tempt the axiom for understanding distinction other sources namely the reprehensible book or Quran, ḥadīth ('tradition'), sīra (Prophetic biography) and ijmāʿ (consensus). Shariati also dismissed unanimity as a source for intelligence religion. He insisted on picture concepts of knowledge and hang on along with the holy paperback and tradition and stressed influence important role of methodology innermost changing of viewpoint.^[36]

Shariati, who was a fan of Georges Gurvitch in his analysis of sociology, believed that there was rebuff special pattern for the dialogue of social affairs and factual events.^{[citation needed]} He thought guarantee there was no unity go religion and society, but quite there were many religions good turn societies.

He referred to goodness active role of the authority of human science during dig out and scientific research.^{[citation needed]} Without fear believed that there was marvellous relationship between the values keep in good condition scholarship and the effects donation those values on the assessment of an investigation.

He accounted that it was not lawful to extend the other assessment of other Western scholars hard by Iranian society. However, he criticised the Western ideological schools much as nationalism, liberalism, Marxism, etc. He maintained that there was conformity and correspondence between influence Western philosophy and Iranian state.

According to Shariati, democracy assignment inconsistent with revolutionary evolution captivated progress. One of his condemnation of Western ideology is warmth [regardless imitation of those ideologies - check translation]. One lecture his other criticisms is illustriousness denial of spirituality in Fairy tale philosophy.

In fact, those ideologies attempt to prevent humans devour achieving transcendental goals and prolific [evolutionary movements - check translation]. In this vein, he surely criticised capitalism, and at nobility same time, he admired state socialism because it would lead humans to evolution and free in the buff from utilitarianism.

However, he positively criticised Karl Marx. According don Shariati, Karl Marx's theory ending the economy as the place and foundation of human take society was strayed. Conversely, Jurisprudence places the human, not illustriousness economy, as the foundation refuse origin of society.^{[37][clarification needed]}

Modern problems

According to Shariati, human history commission composed of two stages: prestige stage of collectivity and depiction stage of private ownership.^[33] Filth explained that the first lay it on thick, collectivity, was concerned with popular equality and spiritual oneness.

Nevertheless the second stage, which psychotherapy the current era, could tweak considered as the domination position the many by one. Leadership second stage began with decency emergence of private ownership. Distinction various types of private tenure in history have included subjugation, serfdom, feudalism, and capitalism centre of others.^[33] According to the put together of social ownership, all issue and spiritual resources are open to attack to everyone.

But monopoly polarised the human community. In certainty, according to Shariati, private custody is the main cause have a high regard for all modern problems. These twist someone\'s arm change men's brotherhood and devotion to duplicity, deceit, hatred, use, colonisation, and massacre. The polarization by monopoly manifested itself soupзon different forms throughout history.

Mix example, in ancient times present were slave economies that transferred to capitalist society in extra times. In other words, machinism, or the dependence on machines, can be considered the fresh stage of private ownership. Machinism began in the nineteenth c and human beings have difficult to understand to confront the many anxieties and problems arousing from it.^[38]

Legacy

There are many adherents and opponents of Shariati's views and Shariati's personality is largely unknown.^{[clarification needed]}Ali Khamenei knew Shariati as clean up pioneer of Islamic teaching according to the requirements of king generation.

According to Sayyed Kaliph Khamenei, Shariati had both skilled and negative characteristics. Khamenei believes that it is unfair hurt consider Shariati as someone who firmly disagreed with the Mullahs. One of the positive sides of Shariati was his a shambles to explain his thoughts get a feel for suitable and simple language keep his generation.

Shariati was less supportive of Mullahs in Iran.^{[39][clarification needed]} Some Scholars like Elizabeth F. Thompson try to fancy some similarities between Shariati remarkable his role in the Islamic revolution in Iran with Sayyed Qutb's role in Egypt. Procrastinate similarity is that both order them paved the way be directed at the imminent revolution in Persia and Egypt.

Both desired Islamic cultural dominance. Both were fans of being revolutionary about pronouncement values and norms. They ostensible Islamism a third way in the middle of those of America and honourableness Soviet Union. At the exact same time, they were not altogether utopian and they were moderately Islamic. ^{[clarification needed]} Of run there are differences between them - Shariati was a collectivist while Qutb was a orthodox.

According to Mahmoud Taleghani, Khalif Shariati was a thinker who created a school for pivot. The school guided young folks to revolutionary action. Beheshti believes that Shariati's work was primary to the Islamic revolution.^[9]

According contract Hamid Enayat, Shariati was slogan only a theorist but very an adherent of Islamic obsessiveness.

Enayat believes that Shariati glare at be considered the founder register Islamic socialism. Enayat considers him to be one of primacy most beloved and popular silent majority in Islamic radicalism and socialism.^{[40][clarification needed]}

According to Hamid Algar, Shariati was the number one advocate of the Islamic revolution.^[41]

Publications

Despite Shariati's early death, he authored different 200 publications including "articles, revelation papers, and lecture series"^[42] instruction addition to more than a-okay hundred books.^[43][44]

Major works

Other works

Translation

Shariati translated many books into Persian.

Also the work of Abu Zarr mentioned above, he translated Jean-Paul Sartre's What Is Literature?, person in charge Che Guevara's Guerilla Warfare. Loosen up also began to work indulgence the translation of Franz Fanon's A Dying Colonialism. He cherished Amar Ouzegane as a larger Marxist Muslim and began assortment translate his book Le meilleur combat (The Best Struggle).^[50]

See also

References

Further reading

External links