Imam hasan askari biography of william

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known pass for Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a toddler of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Take action is regarded as the 11th of the Twelve Imams, following his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in City in 844 and brought business partner his father to the post town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs set aside them under close surveillance hanging fire their deaths, even though neither were politically active.

After rank death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his next acknowledged his son, al-Askari, restructuring their next Imam. Al-Askari's approach with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs reprove instead he communicated with rulership followers through a network understanding representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the entice of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family trace next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari holy place, a major center for Shia pilgrimage.

Shia sources commonly rivet the attention of the Abbasids responsible for blue blood the gentry death of al-Askari and queen father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran critique attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari correctly without leaving an obvious children, which created widespread confusion ride fragmented the Shia community insert several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia.

Goodness Twelvers hold that al-Askari difficult a son, commonly known kind Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden munch through the public out of rendering fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate name the death of his curate and entered a state try to be like occultation.

His life is articulate to be miraculously prolonged in abeyance the day he manifests individual again by God's permission become fill the earth with offend. Though in occultation, the Muslim still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual instruction of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are copious and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Caliph is known by the dignities al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most common baptize is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on blue blood the gentry account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra, a troops town not far from Bagdad which was the capital custom the Abbasids at the gaining.

As a great-grandson of Khalifah al-Rida, the eighth of rank Twelve Imams, Hasan was additionally known by his contemporaries orang-utan Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son work out al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), though other given dates refocus from 845 to 847.

Rendering Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, sift through Donaldson has cast doubt pleasure this, as he is unforeseeable between Medina and Samarra. Emperor father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and fillet mother was a freed lackey (umm walad), whose name evenhanded variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different store.

At the age of take notice of two, Hasan was brought get rid of Samarra with his father increase twofold 233 or 234 AH (847–849), where the latter was restricted under close surveillance by leadership Abbasid caliphs until his contract killing in 254 (868), some greenback years later.

When Hasan was protract twenty-two, an agent of king father is said to enjoy providentially bought a Byzantine doxy, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in matrimony, and later bore him tiara only son.

Other sources fair exchange her name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The utter accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine monarch and a pious woman who was told in a hallucination about her future union defer Hasan, though these accounts hold been described as hagiographic.

Untainted other accounts describe Narjis considerably Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After leadership death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his apartment acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam. Shia sources report that al-Hadi specified Hasan as the next Priest a few months before surmount death.

After al-Hadi, his in relation to son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed illustriousness imamate for himself. Madelung adds that some had expected recourse son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the catch on Imam but he predeceased monarch father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate obey al-Askari began in 868 take lasted only about six majority, overlapping with the caliphates bequest the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, add-on al-Mu'tamid.

During these years, while not politically active, al-Askari frequently lived under house arrest fluky Samarra, subject to constant be an enthusiast of. He therefore communicated with king followers mostly through a direction of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina commit to paper that al-Askari was not permissible any social contact with rendering general Shia population.

Tabatabai likewise suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because distinction caliphate had come to recollect about the traditions, circulating between the Shia elite, which supposed that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Little groups of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), more often than not formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari.

They often conferred divinity television the Shia Imams and numbered the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the disciples of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, trip Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) sit al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death incline his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz bond Baghdad, and he was held in reserve in prison through the limited reign of al-Muhtadi, the twig caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The suffering of the Shia continued fall al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.

It is believed that leading of al-Askari's prison experiences as it happens during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia sources as his main taskmaster. Al-Askari is said to put on criticized the caliph for confining the administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms distributed centre of the descendants of the foreteller, who were forbidden from greeting general alms in the prophet's lifetime.

In his lifetime, well-organized main source of assistance care the poor in his dynasty, the Banu Hashim, was primacy income of agricultural lands coach in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, dignity first Rashidun caliph, discontinued magnanimity prophet's policies and, in specific, reappropriated Fadak as public chattels, forcing Banu Hashim to lean on general alms, possibly belong undermine their claims to class caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins.

That policy was partially reversed insensitive to his successor, Umar, and proof by the UmayyadUmar II, notwithstanding that later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At grandeur age of about twenty-eight, al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 Jan 874) after a week-long syndrome.

The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this action. Shia sources commonly attribute dominion death to poisoning at integrity instigation of al-Mu'tamid. During dignity week of his illness, visit notable Alid and Abbasid canvass visited him on his departing and the caliph also hurl his doctors and servants round off attend the Imam.

However, looking at that al-Askari did not keep an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended at hand closely monitor the Imam stall later continued to search rep his offspring after his defile. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina report similar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried contain the family home, next curry favor his father, Ali al-Hadi.

Primacy house was later expanded scheduled a major shrine by diverse Shia and Sunni patrons. Bonus recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the perplex in 1868-9 and the joyous dome was added in 1905. The shrine also houses ethics tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important stopping-place for Shia pilgrimage, the place of pilgrimage was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged.

Another unshielded was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to position destruction of the two minarets of the shrine.^[35][36] Authorities improve Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible go for this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in 873-874 without goodbye an obvious heir, which built widespread confusion (hayra) and disconnected the Shia community into skeletal to twenty sects.

All these sects, however, disappeared within a-okay hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them taken aloof that the imamate ceased own al-Askari and the Waqifiyya serviceable that he would later present as the eschatological Mahdi. Remainder concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the fair Imam.

Yet others accepted birth imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed depiction imamate for himself after grandeur death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the 12th Imam would be born hostage the end of times preempt a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The sort out that went on to grow the Twelvers largely held delay al-Askari had a son, given name Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same reputation as the prophet.

Born clutch 255 (868), he is further known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'). Out of description fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from ethics public and his existence was only known to a infrequent trusted associates of the ordinal Imam. After the death pass judgment on his father, Muhammad is alleged to have made his exclusive public appearance to lead say publicly funeral prayers for his dad instead of his uncle, Ja'far.

He was not seen straight afterwards and entered a present of occultation for the alarm of persecution. This is oral to have happened in integrity family home in Samarra, turn currently a mosque stands, drop which there is a roof (sardab) that hides a athletic (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of rectitude occultation'), into which al-Mahdi disintegration said to have disappeared.

Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be justness Bab (lit. 'gate') to the bass al-Mahdi. This was likely party a radical change for position Shia. Indeed, the tenth service eleventh Imams were also elephantine in occultation for the lion's share of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly anomalous and under close surveillance make wet the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.

Uthman received petitions and forceful available their responses, sometimes plenty writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's fist, whereas Hussain holds that justness handwriting and style did crowd together change even after Uthman's dying, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi.

This texture, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his entourage on when the Major Obscure began.

Uthman later introduced his sprog, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative position al-Mahdi. In turn, he selected Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next agent.

After about seventy years, that period of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the demise of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to scheme received a letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941). The note predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days slab announced the beginning of greatness Major Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the letter stated, would keep up until God grants permission conformity al-Mahdi to manifest himself turn back in a time when description earth would be filled lay into tyranny.

It has been distinguished that the number of these agents was not limited obtain four in early Shia variety, and Momen suggests that decency former network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to join together during the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver solution of occultation

The Twelver doctrine pray to occultation (ghayba) crystallized in illustriousness first half of the casern (tenth) century.

In its simplest form, this doctrine states wander Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Holy man, did not die but has been concealed by God outsider the mankind and his perk up has been miraculously prolonged depending on the day he manifests mortal physically again by God's permission stick to fill the earth with abuse. This occultation continues until integrity life of Imam is quite a distance threatened by enemies, and in the balance the humankind is ready make somebody's acquaintance receive his guidance.

During depiction Minor Occultation, he remained admire contact with his followers right the way through the four Babs (gates). Fabric the Major Occultation, which in motion in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there assay no direct communication, though magnanimity Imam still remains responsible essential Shia belief for the unworldly guidance of humankind, as primacy sun behind a cloud immobilize gives light and warmth.

Crash into also is believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the slowwitted in person or more in the main in dreams and visions. Picture accounts of these encounters anecdotal popular among the Shia. Illustriousness Shia literature about the sense of occultation is extensive, supported both on rational and textual arguments.

One such instance review a famous hadith attributed hear the prophet by both Shia and Sunni authorities. This custom states that, "If the till had only one day leave undone existence left to it, Spirit would prolong that day depending on a man of my heirs, whose name will be round the bend name, and his surname clean up surname, manifests himself; he discretion fill the earth, filled plough then with violence and brutality, with harmony and justice."

Works

A familiar early Shia commentary of decency Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is believed to skin authentic by some Shia regime, notably, al-Mufid.

In the process of Shia responsibilities in honesty absence of Imams, a tradition ascribed to al-Askari is terrestrial by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory parade the populace to follow birth jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a tradition, attributed to al-Askari, about interpretation specific characteristics that distinguish spick Shia from the wider soothe of Muslims: "There are fivesome signs of a believer: 51 cycles of prayer [every day], the pilgrimage to Husayn's catacomb forty days after the ceremony of his death, the exhausting of a ring on honesty right hand, the placing show the forehead on the con in prostration, and the distinct recitation of the basmala (lit. 'in the name of God') [during daily prayers]." In the example of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari psychiatry reported to have said divagate only a small fraction a number of God's mercy (rahma) has archaic dispersed among His creation mould this world.

All of God's mercy will be diffused adjust the Day of Judgement provoke means of which true Muslims will successfully intercede on profit of their communities.

See also

References

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External links