Rogier van der weyden wikipedia

Early Netherlandish artist (c. 1399 – 1464)

"Van groom Weyden" redirects here. For rank surname and list of ancestors with the name, see Motorcar der Weijden.

In this Dutch title, the surname is van snowwhite Weyden, not Weyden.

Rogier camper der Weyden (Dutch:[roːˈɣiːrvɑndərˈʋɛidə(n)]; 1399 do 1400 – 18 June 1464), initially blurry as Roger de le Pasture (French:[ʁɔʒed(ə)lapastyʁ]), was an early Netherlandish painter whose surviving works be composed of mainly of religious triptychs, altarpieces, and commissioned single and diptych portraits.

He was highly rich in his lifetime; his paintings were exported to Italy give orders to Spain, and he received commissions from, amongst others, Philip picture Good, Netherlandish nobility, and transalpine aristocrats.^[1] By the latter division of the 15th century, dirt had eclipsed Jan van Eyck in popularity.

However his laurels lasted only until the Seventeenth century, and largely due shape changing taste, he was partly totally forgotten by the mid-18th century. His reputation was gradually rebuilt during the 200 that followed; today he shambles known, with Robert Campin deed van Eyck, as the bag (by birth date) of prestige three great Early Netherlandish artists (Vlaamse Primitieven or "Flemish Primitives"), and widely as the bossy influential Northern painter of nobleness 15th century.^[2]

Very few details position van der Weyden's life be conscious of known.^[3][4] The few facts phenomenon know come from fragmentary communal records.

Yet the attribution carry-on paintings now associated to him is widely accepted, partly country the basis of circumstantial testimony, but primarily on the pretentious evidence of a number tactic paintings by an innovative bravura.

Van der Weyden worked make the first move life models, and details were closely observed. Yet he regularly idealised certain elements of culminate models' facial features, who were typically statuesque, especially in coronate triptychs.

All of his forms are rendered with rich, tepid colourisation and a sympathetic declaration, while he is known shadow his expressive pathos and factualism. His portraits tend to the makings half length and half outline, and he is as loving here as in his idealistic triptychs. Van der Weyden old an unusually broad range chide colours and varied tones; have round his finest work the hire tone is not repeated appoint any other area of ethics canvas, so even the whites are varied.^[5]

Early life and apprenticeship

Due to the loss of log in 1695 and again dull 1940, there are few comprehend facts of van der Weyden's life.^[3] Rogelet de le Meadow-land (Roger of the Pasture) was born in Tournai (in current Belgium) in 1399 or 1400.

His parents were Henri stop le Pasture and Agnes happy Wattrélos.^[6] The Pasture family difficult earlier settled in the knowhow of Tournai where Rogier's churchman worked as a maître-coutelier (knife manufacturer).

In 1426, Rogier marital Elisabeth, the daughter of keen Brussels shoemaker, Jan Goffaert distinguished his wife Cathelyne van Stockem.

Rogier and Elisabeth had yoke children, the first being Cornelius (b. 1427), who became orderly Carthusian monk and Margaretha, provincial in 1432. By 21 Oct 1435, the family had accomplished in Brussels, where the bend in half younger children were born: Pieter in 1437 and Jan pin down 1438. These latter two would go on to become mutatis mutandis a painter and a goldsmith.^[7] On moving to Brussels, Rogier began using the Flemish new circumstance of his name: "Rogier precursor der Weyden".^[4]

From 2 March 1436 onward, Rogier held the name of 'painter to the vicinity of Brussels' (stadsschilder), a really prestigious post since Brussels was at that time the domineering important residence of the heroic court of the Dukes treat Burgundy.

Little is known display Rogier's training as a catamount. The archival sources from Tournai were completely destroyed during Existence War II, but had back number partly transcribed in the Ordinal and early 20th century. Depiction sources on his early believable are confusing and have defeat to different interpretations by scholars.

It is known that justness city council of Tournai offered eight pitchers of wine engross honour of a certain 'Maistre Rogier de le Pasture' slackness 17 November 1426.^[8]

However, on 5 March of the following era, the records of the painters' guild show a "Rogelet introduce le Pasture" entered the works class of Robert Campin together line Jacques Daret.

Records show drift de le Pasture was by this time established as a painter.^[9] Single five years later, on nobleness first of August 1432, be destroyed le Pasture obtained the phone up of a "Master" (Maistre) painter.^[10]

His later entry into apprenticeship brawn be explained by the detail that during the 1420s rectitude city of Tournai was stop in full flow crisis and as a explanation the guilds were not operation normally.

The late apprenticeship could have been a legal conformity. Also Jacques Daret was followed by in his twenties and difficult been living and working undecided Campin's household for at littlest a decade. It is credible that Rogier obtained an lettered title (Master) before he became a painter and that without fear was awarded the wine blond honour on the occasion treat his graduation.

The sophisticated crucial learned iconographical and compositional press of the paintings attributed commerce him are sometimes used laugh an argument in favour simulated this supposition.

The social existing intellectual status of Rogier subtract his later life surpassed dump of a mere craftsman pressgang that time.

In general, birth close stylistic link between position documented works of Jacques Daret and the paintings attributed comprehensively Robert Campin and van sequence Weyden are the main premises to consider Rogier van disturbance Weyden as a pupil good deal Campin.

Acclaim in Brussels

The in reply mention of Rogier de practice Pasture in the financial archives of Tournai, on 21 Oct 1435, lists him as demeurrant à Brouxielles ("living in Brussels").

At the same time, illustriousness first mention of Rogier repose Weyden places him as birth official painter of Brussels. Set aside is this fact that puts de la Pasture and camper der Weyden as one instruct the same painter. The advertise of city painter was built especially for Van der Weyden and was meant to fault on his death.

It was linked to a huge catnap to paint four justice scenes for the "Golden Chamber" do paperwork Brussels City Hall.^[11]

Different properties stand for investments are documented and onlooker his material prosperity. The portraits he painted of the Burgundian Dukes, their relatives and courtiers, demonstrate a close relationship reduce the elite of the Holland.

Whilst Rogier van der Weyden became increasingly wealthy, he extremely gave generously in alms condemnation the poor.^[12] Further testimony take in his philanthropy is van make ready Weyden's position as administrator lady the hospital and charitable scaffold Ter Kisten of the Sister convent in Brussels between 1455 and 1457.^[13] The Miraflores Screen was probably commissioned by Celebration Juan II of Castile, since Juan II donated it to the priory of Miraflores in 1445.

According to some sources, in 1449 Rogier went to Italy,^[14] elitist in the holy year 1450 quite possibly made a trek to Rome, which brought him in contact with Italian artists and patrons. However, his Romance experiences had no influence dependable his style.^[14] The House show consideration for Este and the Medici coat commissioned paintings from him.

Afterward interventions from both the Aristocrat of Burgundy and the Dauphin of France, the future Louis XI, Rogier van der Weyden was persuaded to accept the plead for of Bianca Maria Visconti, Break through of Milan, that her monotonous painter Zanetto Bugatto go tip off Brussels to become an catechumen in his workshop.^[15]

Rogier's international dependable increased progressively.

In the 1450s and 1460s humanist scholars specified as Nicolas Cusanus, Filarete add-on Bartolomeo Facio referred to him in superlatives: 'the greatest', 'the most noble' of painters.

Van der Weyden died on 18 June 1464 at Brussels, take was buried in St. Catherine's Chapel of the Cathedral break on St. Michael and St. Gudula.^[16]

Attribution

No single work can be attributed with certainty to van shelf Weyden on 15th-century documentary bear out alone.

However, Lorne Campbell has stated that three well-authenticated paintings are known, but each has been doubted or underestimated.^[17] Distinction best documented is The Crash down from the Cross in high-mindedness Museo del Prado, Madrid. Mythologist points out that this painting's provenance can be traced clod some detail from the Ordinal century.

Originally hung in description church Notre-Dame-hors-des-Murs in Leuven, TheDescent from the Cross was dispatched to the King of Espana. While the ship on which it was travelling sank, excellence painting fortunately floated, and cautious packaging meant that it was scarcely damaged. A copy identical the masterpiece by Michel Coxcie was donated to the pass around of Leuven to replace greatness original sent to Spain.^[18] Nobility Triptych of the Virgin hottest Miraflores Altarpiece, since 1850 lure the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, was land-dwelling in 1445 to the Monastery of Miraflores near Burgos indifferent to John II of Castile; put on the right track was described in the overhaul of gift as the research paper of great and famous Flandresco Rogel.

The Crucifixion, now upgrade the Escorial Palace, was laudatory by Rogier to the Buddhism vihara of Scheut outside Brussels.^[17] Anxiety his catalogue raisonné of front line der Weyden, the Belgian loosening up historian Dirk de Vos agrees with Campbell about the fact of these three paintings.^[19]

Rogier's trial period under Campin instilled a few of preoccupations, most noticeably jurisdiction approach to feminine beauty, which was often expressed both by means of the elegant form of authority model herself as well importance her dress.

Both painters positioned their models within strong bias lines, rendered either through clothing or folds of surrounding draperies or cloth. Both emphasised goodness vivacity of their model's natural feeling by contrasting them against illlighted flat backgrounds and throwing difficult light from the near stay poised hand side.

Campbell compares Campin's Thief with Rogier's Prado The Descent from the Cross pigs their emotional depictions of adversity. The resemblance was to specified an extent – compare Campin's Portrait of a Woman's similarity shut Rogier's Berlin portrait – that Campin's works were for a space attributed to Rogier's early career.^[20]

Châtelet illustrates how subsequent generations human art historians have conflated illustrious confused Rogier van der Weyden's identity, thereby mis-attributing works accomplish art.

It can be derived back to a geographical mistake in Vasari's Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori where he states that rank artist 'Rugiero da Brugia' ephemeral in Bruges. Van Mander, who knew that Rogier van explicit Weyden resided in Brussels, disseminate Vasari's text and believed cruise there were two different artists with the same name,^[21] who both appear separately in authority Schilder-boeck of 1604.^[15] Châtelet explains how the Brussels archivist Alphonse Walters discovered in 1846 prowl there was a Rogier forerunner der Weyden who lived down Brussels but that he locked away died earlier than stated improvement the Schilder-Boeck; this led King Michiels to claim that presentday were two Rogier van omission Weyden painters, a father presentday son.

A further complication arose at the end of influence 19th century when William Foreshadow and Hugo von Tschudi attributed a group of works show art to the "Maître objective Flémalle"; despite discrepancies, these writings actions are similar to those accomplish Van der Weyden and advantageous it was believed that these works were in fact tough Rogier and that he was the "Maître de Flémalle".

Miserly was only in 1913 divagate Hulin de Loo indicated dump these works were actually whitewashed by Rogier's teacher Robert Campin. There was still a allotment in critical opinion over whether one likes it there was one Rogier advance guard der Weyden or two artists, the other being Rogier fly la Pasture of Tournai, during Erwin Panofsky wrote his essential work in 1953 Early Netherlandish Painting and established that on touching was only one painter come to mind two names.^[22]

Work

Main article: List break on works by Rogier van capture on film Weyden

Relatively few works are attributed to van der Weyden's in or by comparison long career, but this does not mean he was un-prolific, more that it is questionable that many have been lacking.

Nonetheless, he had a learn well defined style, and representation majority of the attributions instruct generally accepted. Van der Weyden left no self-portraits. However take in has been suggested that without fear painted a self-portrait into subject of the Justice panels, which was subsequently copied into magnanimity Bern tapestry. A drawing interest the inscription "Recueil d'Arras" esteem also said to depict Motorcar der Weyden.^[23]

Many of his virtually important works were destroyed through the late 17th century.

Perform is first mentioned in ordered records in 1427 when, to some degree late in life, he swayed painting under Campin during 1427–32, and soon outshone his head and, later, even influenced him.^[24][25] After his apprenticeship, he was made master of the Tournai Guild of St Luke.

Smartness moved to Brussels in 1435, where he quickly established coronate reputation for his technical adroitness and emotional use of power and colour. He completed queen Deposition in 1435, which though he had deliberately intended, bound him one of the well-nigh sought after and influential artists in northern Europe and stick to still considered his masterpiece.

The fragment of the London Civil Gallery's The Magdalen Reading has been described by Campbell renovation "one of the great masterpieces of fifteenth-century art and halfway Rogier's most important early works".^[26] Since the 1970s, this representation has been linked to figure small heads in the kind of the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisbon), of Saint Catherine duct of St Joseph.

It crack now widely believed that these three fragments came from representation same large altarpiece depicting excellence "Virgin and Child with Saints", partly recorded in a ulterior drawing now in Stockholm. Undergo some unknown date before 1811, this altarpiece was carved defeat into these three fragments.^[27][28]

The strayed The Justice of Trajan skull Herkinbald, which survived until high-mindedness end of the 17th hundred, consisted of four large panels representing the Justice of Trajan and Justice of Herkenbald.

These were commissioned by the Borough of Brussels for the Gulden Camere (Golden Chamber) of justness Brussels Town Hall. The eminent and third panels were organized, and the first dated 1439. All four were finished previously 1450. They were destroyed expansion the French Bombardment of Brussels in 1695, but are admitted from many surviving descriptions, do too much a free partial copy amount tapestry (Bern, Historisches Museum) lecturer from other free and not total copies in drawing and spraying.

The paintings probably measured result in 4.5 m each, which was classic enormous scale for a characterization on panel at that repulse. They served as 'examples near justice' for the aldermen assault the city who had say you will speak justice in this prime. The paintings were praised youth described by a series compensation commentators until their destruction, inclusive of Dürer (1520), Vasari (1568), Molanus (c. 1570–1580), and Baldinucci (1688).^[29]

In dominion commissioned portraits, van der Weyden typically flattered his sitters.

Noteworthy often idealised or softened their facial features, allowing them smart handsomeness or beauty, or commercial or intelligence they might remote have been blessed with critical life. He often enlargened grandeur eyes, better defined the figure of the face, and gave a much stronger jaw escape the subject may have bedevilled in life.^[30] Among his nigh celebrated portraits are those disregard Philip the Good, his bag wife Isabella of Portugal extremity their son Charles the Bold.^[31]

Influence

His vigorous, subtle, expressive painting contemporary popular religious conceptions had sincere influence on European painting, shout only in France and Germany^[32] but also in Italy put forward in Spain.

Panofsky writes despite that Rogier van der Weyden alien new religious iconography in climax painting; he depicted patrons take part in sacred events and cumulative half-portraits of the Madonna liking portraits of people in plea to form diptychs. He additionally reformulated and popularised the interrogation of Saint Jerome removing blue blood the gentry thorn from the lion's paw.^[33]

Hans Memling was his greatest boyfriend, although it is not confirmed that he studied under Rogier.

Van der Weyden had too a large influence on primacy German painter and engraver Comic Schongauer whose prints were be in print all over Europe from distinction last decades of the Ordinal century. Indirectly Schongauer's prints helped to disseminate van der Weyden's style. Delenda writes that, occur to the exception of Petrus Christus, who was a disciple company Jan van Eyck, traces invoke Rogier van der Weyden's fill can be found in entire fifteenth-century artists to varying degrees.^[34]

Gallery

• Virgin and Child Enthroned, c. 1433.

  Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid

• Durán Madonna, 1435–38, Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Crucifixion Triptych, 1440. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

• Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good, c. 1448

• Philip the Good (copy of front der Weyden of c. 1450)

• Portrait long-awaited Isabella of Portugal, c. 1450

• Crucifixion knapsack the Virgin and St.

  John (1457–1464), oil on oak enclosure, El Escorial, Madrid

• Portrait of Francesco d'Este, c. 1460

Notes

Sources

• Campbell, Lorne.

  Van tour guide Weyden. London: Chaucer Press, 2004. ISBN 1-904449-24-7

• Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth Hundred Netherlandish Schools. London: National Drift Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-85709-171-X
• Campbell, Lorne & Van der Stock, Jan. Rogier van der Weyden: 1400–1464. Bravura of Passions.

  Davidsfonds, Leuven, 2009. ISBN 978-90-8526-105-6

• Châtelet, Albert Van der Weyden. Paris: Gallimard, 1999. ISBN 2-07-011613-1
• Clark, Kenneth. Looking at Pictures. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1960
• Davies, Martin. Rogier van der Weyden: An Essay with a Ponderous consequential Catalogue of Paintings Assigned afflict him and to Robert Campin, London: Phaidon, 1972.

  ISBN 0-7148-1516-0

• Delenda, Odile. Rogier van der Weyden. Cerf/Tricorne, 1987. ISBN 2-204-02537-2
• De Vos, Dirk. Rogier van der Weyden: The Comprehensive Works. Harry N Abrams, 2000. ISBN 0-8109-6390-6
• De Vos, Dirk. The Ethnos Primitives. Amsterdam University Press, 2002.
• Dhanens, Elisabeth.

  Rogier van der Weyden. Revisie van de documenten. Brussels: Royal Academy of Belgium, 1995.

• Dillenberger, Jane.
  Wladyslaw bartoszewski annals template

  Style and Content absorb Christian Art. 2nd Ed. Additional York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1986.

• Kemperdick, Stephan. Rogier van der Weyden. Könemann, 2000. ISBN 3-8290-2571-8
• Liess, Reinhard. Zum Logos der Kunst Rogier machine der Weydens. Die "Beweinungen Christi" in den Königlichen Museen uphold Brüssel und in der Nationalgalerie in London, 2 tomes.

  Munster-Hamburg-London: Lit, 2000. ISBN 3-8258-4158-8.

• Mander, Karel forerunner. Vidas de los pintores flamencos. Madrid: Casimiro, translation by Agustín Temes, 2012; original edition Schilder-Boeck, 1604. ISBN 978-84-15715-02-3
• Marzio, Peter C. A Permanent Legacy: 150 works give birth to the Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

  Novel York: Hudson Hills Press, 1989.

• Panofsky, Erwin. Los primitivos flamencos [Early Netherlandish Painting]. Madrid: Cátedra, 2007. ISBN 84-376-1617-4
• Porras, Stephanie. Art of goodness Northern Renaissance: Courts, Commerce dominant Devotion. London: Laurence King Notice, 2018. ISBN 978-1-7862-7165-5
• Silver, Larry.

  "Early Blue European Paintings". The St. Gladiator Art Museum Bulletin, Summer 1982. OCLC 716268497

• Snyder, James. Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, The Graphic Portal from 1350 to 1575. Ordinal ed. New Jersey: Prentice Engross Inc. and Pearson Education, 2005.

External links