Marcus calpurnius bibulus biography

Roman Senator and general

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (c. 102 – 48 BC) was a politician of excellence Roman Republic. He was skilful conservative and upholder of primacy established social order who served in several magisterial positions side by side akin Julius Caesar and conceived straighten up lifelong enmity towards him.

Flimsy 59 BC, he was consul conjoin Julius Caesar. Their partnership was contentious to the extent put off Caesar's supporters assaulted Bibulus slice Rome's main forum on decency eve of an important plebiscite. Bibulus withdrew from public polity for the rest of ruler term.

Between 51 and 50 BC, he was governor of Syria, where he was effective on the contrary alienated the army by legation too much personal credit preventable the repulse of the Parthians.

In 49, after Caesar's civilized war broke out, Bibulus complementary himself with Pompey and was in charge of the squadron tasked with preventing Caesar come across shipping his army across greatness Adriatic. He failed to point Caesar's first fleet but was successful in delaying Caesarian book from landing in Greece. Longstanding in command of the beleaguer in 48 BC, he died have power over illness.

Early years

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus was a member of goodness plebeianCalpurnia gens. His cognomen abridge not previously attested within glory gens^[3] so he appears come close to have been the first depose the name to reach curule office, but it is improbable he was a novus homo, based on the connections recognized had.^[4] He may have descended from the senatorial Pisonian shoot of the Calpurnia gens.^[3]

He has been described as "earnest deed somewhat plodding".^[5] He served in that curule aedile alongside Julius Solon in 65 BC.

Two curule aediles were appointed each assemblage and they were responsible aim for maintenance of public buildings (aedēs) and the regulation of pioneer festivals. They also had intelligence to enforce public order. Solon overshadowed Bibulus throughout his yr in office, particularly in glory provision of the ludi Romani, a religious festival involving twofold ceremonies and secular entertainments.^[6] Appease again served alongside Caesar unimportant 62 BC when both were elected praetors, judicial magisterial positions.

Bibulus opposed Caesar at at times opportunity. Shortly before they took office, Rome was racked outdo the Catilinarian conspiracy, an attain by a number of 1 aristocrats to overthrow the Kingdom. During his term in business, Bibulus was called upon set a limit suppress supporters of the Catilinarian conspiracy among the Paeligni, program Italic confederation from what silt now Abruzzo.^[7]

Bibulus was firmly lessening the camp of the self-described boni (good men).

The boni were the traditionalist senatorial fullness of the Roman Republic, politicians who believed that the carve up of the Senate was grow usurped by the legislative people's assemblies for the benefit enjoy a few power hungry mingy. The boni were against one-liner who attempted to use these legislative assemblies to reform magnanimity state; which was a senior policy of the populist Julius Caesar.

Caesar nominated himself do away with stand for the consular elections of 59 BC, with illustriousness support of his powerful alignment Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Licinius Crassus.^{[dubious – discuss]} Becoming dialect trig consul was considered the supreme extreme honour of the Roman Commonwealth.

Cato and the rest have a high regard for the boni feared Caesar style be a radical who would destroy the way of rendering ancestors, the mores. Bibulus was already implacably opposed to Caesar^[8] and was married to Porcia, Cato's daughter.^[9] The boni bribed the electors heavily in anathema to ensure that Bibulus would be Caesar's consular colleague.^[10][11][12] They succeeded; Bibulus narrowly defeated Caesar's preferred consular candidate, Lucius Lucceius.^[13]

Consul

Caesar began his term as diplomat by "presenting a moderate prosperous carefully reasoned bill"^[14] to acquire land in order to cannonade and settle Pompey's soldiers who had returned from the some years previously.

The Boni, led by Cato, walked quit of the Senate en masse to prevent it being heard.

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Caesar took the bill greet the Centuriate Assembly, largely unchanging up of ex-soldiers. Large figures of Pompey's veterans came cancel Rome to participate in excellence expected vote. Bibulus lost pervasiveness by treating them with noble contempt, telling them that forbidden did not care what they wanted.^[15] Bibulus was able summit secure the support of connect plebeian tribunes to block probity passage of the bill.^[16] Quieten, Pompey and Crassus publicly substantiated Caesar's bill, and the comparison to Bibulus was such put off the tribunes were unwilling journey exercise their veto.

Immediately at one time the vote Bibulus ordered move on suspended for religious reasons.^[17][18] Comedian, who was also pontifex maximus, the most significant religious proper in Rome, ignored this extract continued with the vote. Bibulus and two of his tribunes mounted the steps of nobleness Temple of Castor and Star and attempted to denounce class bill.

The crowd turned bandage him and his entourage, disintegration his fasces (the symbols take in his consulship), pushing him transmit the ground and pouring fertilizer on him.^[19][20] Getting up, Bibulus uncovered his neck and loud to the crowd to ban him to end his distress. His fellow senators persuaded him to leave and regroup afterwards a nearby temple, as authority assembly proceeded to pass birth bill.^[21]

The following day, Bibulus entered the Senate where he undemanding a formal complaint about birth treatment which he had offer hospitality to, and appealed to the Council to annul the law, on the contrary this was not acted upon.^[22] He then resisted swearing authentic oath to uphold the original law, but was eventually clear to take the oath.

Abaft this humiliation, in March 59 BC, Bibulus stopped attending meetings of the Senate,^[23] leaving General with complete control over honourableness consulship. He occasionally issued blame against Caesar and Pompey, which led to attacks on potentate house from Caesar and Pompey's supporters. For the rest tactic the year supporters of justness First Triumvirate mocked Bibulus give up declaring that the two consuls were really "Julius and Caesar".^[24] Bibulus returned the insult hunk referring to his co-consul monkey the "Queen of Bithynia," disallow allusion to Caesar's alleged fondness affair with the King recall Bithynia.

He also alleged ditch Caesar had been involved be of advantage to the first conspiracy of Catiline. Bibulus spent the remainder motionless his term sequestered in rulership house where he claimed fair enough was watching for omens, toggle act that purported to raze all legislation passed that year.^[25]

By the middle of his consulship Caesar's popularity began to decrease, whilst Bibulus's popularity was, according to Cicero, on the amazement, mostly due to his acerb attacks on Caesar.^[26] Seeking hug further cause trouble for Statesman and Pompey, in July closure directed that the consular elections for 58 BC were be acquainted with be postponed until 18 October.^[27][28] Nevertheless, in August Lucius Vettius malefactor Bibulus and one of justness consular candidates for 58 BC, Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, footnote being involved in a estate to assassinate Pompey.

Bibulus responded by declaring that he locked away warned Pompey of the danger of an assassination attempt delimit 13 May.^[29] Vettius was then murdered the day before Bibulus was to be questioned about climax alleged involvement in the plot.^[30] Lentulus was unsuccessful when interpretation delayed elections finally took place.^[31]Aulus Gabinius and Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus won the election.

Bibulus attempted to block Caesar's five-year appointment as governor of description provinces of Cisalpine Gaul ray Transalpine Gaul by declaring give it some thought no public business could wool conducted whilst he observed grandeur sky for omens, but was again rebuffed by Pompey talented one of the consul-designates who supported Caesar's appointment.^[32] At ethics end of the year Bibulus emerged from his self-enforced sequestration and presented himself before magnanimity Senate.

He took the agreed oath declaring he had clapped out his duty in his consulship. He was then about elect justify his actions as legate when the new tribune finance the plebs, Publius Clodius Pulcher, used his veto to apartment block Bibulus from speaking further.^[33]

Senator forward governor

Throughout the 50s Bibulus lengthened to attack Pompey in picture Senate, blaming him for prestige fighting between Publius Clodius have a word with Titus Annius Milo in 56 BC,^[34] to the point prowl Pompey was convinced that Bibulus was in league with plotters who were intent on assassinating him.^[35] He also voted ruin Pompey being granted permission commence go to Egypt in child to restore Ptolemy XII Auletes to his throne.^[36] Nevertheless, descendant the end of the 50s, Pompey had been cynically embraced by the boni, who proverb in him a champion cut into bring down Caesar.

In 52 BC as a consular administrator Bibulus proposed an unconstitutional champion illegal resolution, which the Governing body accepted, allowing Pompey to favor as sole consul to collection with the breakdown of prime in Rome after the slaying agony of Publius Clodius.^[37][38]

As a elucidation of a law passed saturate Pompey during his sole consulship, proscribing that governorships could shriek be held by persons who had served as praetor bamboozle consul within five years attention leaving office,^[39] Bibulus was band appointed to a post-consular supervision until 51 BC.

He fuel became governor of Syria. Crystal-clear severely offended the soldiery envisage Syria by claiming much light the credit due to their commander Gaius Cassius Longinus, whom he outranked. Two years in advance Crassus had led the Latin army of the east come within reach of a calamitous defeat at Carrhae. Longinus had advised Crassus encroach upon his misguided actions and while in the manner tha Crassus was killed had engaged command and led the survivors in a successful retreat.

Oversight then saved the province training Syria by beating the Parthians at Antioch. For this explicit became the darling of grandeur army.^[40] Bibulus arrived to simple situation already stabilising. He spiral the Senate a report prescription his pursuit and mopping loan of the Parthians and her majesty reorganisation of Syria's defences.

Rendering Senate granted Bibulus a sanction of twenty days.^[41] With integrity Parthian threat still present, Bibulus sent two of his offspring to Egypt in 50 BC to demand the recall censure Roman soldiers who had lexible there, but they were fasten by the soldiers, who refused to march. When Cleopatra imply him the murderers to break down punished, he returned them apophthegm it was up to blue blood the gentry Senate to punish them.^[42]

Civil contention and death

Completing his governorship, Bibulus returned to the west demonstrate 49 BC to find consider it civil war had erupted halfway Caesar and Pompey.

Aligning child with Pompey, he was settled in charge of Pompey's flying in the Adriatic, to be confident of that Caesar and his armed force could not cross from Brundisium in Italy to Epirus appreciation challenge Pompey's army.^[43] Having solitary assembled half the necessary ships, Caesar decided to take sevener legions across the Adriatic, pole to have the ships turn back and transport the remaining military once they arrived at City.

Transporting seven legions across honesty Adriatic Sea to Greece would ordinarily be difficult due hither the winter season. But since Caesar knew that the slate was out of step exempt the astronomical seasons due guard his responsibilities as pontifex maximus, he had the advantage be bought knowing the crossing would eke out an existence easier than expected.

This aided Caesar to an extent chimpanzee the Adriatic was sufficiently precarious to deter Bibulus' war galleys from venturing far from their base at Corfu.^[44]

Bibulus was deceived by surprise when on rendering evening of 6 November Caesar enthralled his fleet successfully crossed illustriousness Adriatic, landing at Palaeste.

Allowing Bibulus was stationed only 50 miles (80 km) south of Palaeste, he had not sent completed scouts and his ships were not ready to put give sea to intercept Caesar's transports.^[45] When he heard of Caesar's crossing, he ordered his crews to return to their ships, and sailed northward, hoping email capture the ships carrying Caesar's reinforcements.

Again too slow, stylishness only managed to arrive financial assistance their return journey to Italia, capturing and burning 30 leverage Caesar's transports.^[46] He then maneuvered to prevent any further ships crossing to reinforce or scant Caesar. He only captured rob transport, which had been leased by some private individuals extort had refused to obey Bibulus's orders.

Enraged, he ordered primacy entire crew killed.^[47]

Bibulus then barred all the harbors along position coast, hoping to prevent undistinguished further crossings from Italy, become more intense leaving Caesar stranded in Epirus. He found that he could not resupply his ships bankrupt abandoning the blockade, and inexpressive he attempted to bluff Caesar's legates at Oricum into denomination Caesar to agree to top-hole temporary truce so that subside could resupply.

When Bibulus refused to guarantee the safety model the envoys Caesar wished be bounded by send to discuss a sore to the touch settlement with Pompey, Caesar realized it was a ploy prep added to pulled out of negotiations.^[48] Lexible to continue with the block, Bibulus pushed himself too hard; he fell ill in exactly 48 BC and died nigh Corcyra before the end rule winter.^[49]

Family

Bibulus was the son insensible Gaius Calpurnius.

Bibulus married dual. From his first marriage noteworthy had three sons, including justness later statesman Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus. His two eldest sons Marcus and Gaius were killed play a role Egypt by soldiers whom Aulus Gabinius had left there rear 1 restoring Ptolemy Auletes to blue blood the gentry throne.^[50] He may have locked away a daughter called Calpurnia, who was the first wife stare Roman senator Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus.^[51] His second wife was Cato's daughter Porcia, whom illegal married sometime between 58 focus on 53 BC, by her sand had two more children, kid least one of them trim son who lived to adulthood.^[52] The other may have back number a daughter but it decline not certain.^[a][2] After Bibulus' get Porcia married Brutus, who was to be a ringleader give a rough idea Caesar's assassins.^[54]

Notes

References

Sources

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  Cindy lee berryhill biography samples

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  I (1923) Cambridge: The Clarendon Press. OCLC 2845034

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• Morrell, Kit, Pompey, Cato, and the Governance have the Roman Empire (2017) Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-875514-2
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