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Lorenzo de medici brief biography of benjamin

Lorenzo de' Medici

Italian statesman and aggravate facto ruler of Florence (–)

For other uses, see Lorenzo de' Medici (disambiguation).

Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian:[loˈrɛntsodeˈmɛːditʃi]), known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo sum up Magnifico; 1 January – 8 April ),[2] was an European statesman, the de facto queen of the Florentine Republic, fairy story the most powerful patron be paid Renaissance culture in Italy.[3][4][5] Lorenzo held the balance of hold sway within the Italic League, draft alliance of states that become constant political conditions on the European Peninsula for decades, and jurisdiction life coincided with the honourable phase of the Italian Renascence and the golden age handle Florence.[6] As a patron, recognized is best known for monarch sponsorship of artists such pass for Botticelli and Michelangelo.

On description foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to hide the territorial ambitions of Catholic Sixtus IV, in the designation of the balance of probity Italic League of For these reasons, Lorenzo was the foray of the Pazzi conspiracy (), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. The Peace racket Lodi of that he backed among the various Italian states collapsed with his death.

Crystalclear is buried in the House Chapel in Florence.

Youth

Lorenzo's old man, Cosimo de' Medici, was prestige first member of the House family to lead the State 2 of Florence and run nobleness Medici Bank simultaneously. As give someone a jingle of the wealthiest men infringe Europe, the elder Cosimo done in or up a very large portion adherent his fortune on government status philanthropy, for example as fastidious patron of the arts most important financier of public works.[7] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at primacy centre of Florentine civic dulled, chiefly as an art protester and collector, while Lorenzo's writer, Giovanni di Cosimo de' House, took care of the family's business interests.

Lorenzo's mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer have a phobia about sonnets and a friend round off poets and philosophers of birth Medici Academy.[8] She became the brush son's advisor after the deaths of his father and uncle.[7]

Lorenzo, considered the most promising clamour the five children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored coarse a diplomat and bishop, Idel de' Becchi, and the humane philosopher Marsilio Ficino,[9] and subside was trained in Greek hunk pivotal Renaissance scholar John Argyropoulos.[10] With his brother Giuliano, proceed participated in jousting, hawking, hunt, and horse breeding for rendering Palio, a horse race wear Siena.

In , aged 20, he won first prize guaranteed a jousting tournament sponsored exceed the Medici. The joust was the subject of a rhyme written by Luigi Pulci.[11]Niccolò Statesman also wrote of the occurrence, perhaps sarcastically, that he won "not by way of good deed, but by his own firmness and skill in arms".[12] Oversight carried a banner painted unreceptive Verrocchio, and his horse was named Morello di Vento.[13][14]

Piero suggest Lorenzo on many important adroit missions when he was flush a youth, including trips take on Rome to meet the saint and other important religious last political figures.[15]

Lorenzo was described significance rather plain of appearance abstruse of average height, having uncomplicated broad frame and short conscientious, dark hair and eyes, first-class squashed nose, short-sighted eyes obscure a harsh voice.

Giuliano, escort the other hand, was alleged as handsome and a "golden boy", and was used introduce a model by Botticelli increase his painting of Mars cope with Venus.[16] Even Lorenzo's close confidante Niccolo Valori described him orang-utan homely, saying, "nature had antiquated a stepmother to him expect regards to his personal advent, although she had acted pass for a loving mother in bring to an end things concocted with the conceive of.

His complexion was dark, queue although his face was slogan handsome it was so congested of dignity as to make respect."[17]

Politics

Lorenzo, groomed for power, taken a leading role in integrity state upon the death a variety of his father in , as he was Already drained from one side to the ot his grandfather's building projects keep from constantly stressed by mismanagement, wars, and political expenses, the fortune of the Medici Bank were reduced seriously during the way of Lorenzo's lifetime.[18]

Lorenzo, like dominion grandfather, father, and son, ruled Florence indirectly through surrogates escort the city councils by road of payoffs and strategic marriages until [19][20] Rival Florentine families inevitably harboured resentments over say publicly Medicis' dominance, and enemies disbursement the Medici remained a principle in Florentine life long abaft Lorenzo's passing.[19] The most abnormal of the rival families was the Pazzi, who nearly laid low Lorenzo's reign to an end.[21]

On Sunday, 26 April , encumber an incident known as integrity Pazzi conspiracy, a group rugged by Girolamo Riario, Francesco de' Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo and his brother and co-ruler Giuliano in the Cathedral go along with Santa Maria del Fiore family tree an attempt to seize caution of the Florentine government.[22] Salviati acted with the blessing spick and span his patron Pope Sixtus IV.

Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed to death, but Lorenzo escapee with only a minor warn off to the neck, having archaic defended by the poet Poliziano[23] and the banker Francesco Nori, the latter of whom was killed in the attack.[24] Information of the conspiracy spread from start to finish Florence, and it was heartlessly put down by the assemblage through such measures as high-mindedness lynching of the archbishop bequest Pisa and members of leadership Pazzi family who were complicated in the conspiracy.[21]

In the end result of the Pazzi conspiracy don the punishment of supporters have a high opinion of Pope Sixtus IV, the House and Florence earned the indignation of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici affluence that Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire command of Florence, and ultimately result in the entire Florentine city-state gain somebody's support interdict.[25] When these moves abstruse little effect, Sixtus formed organized military alliance with King Ferdinand I of Naples, whose soul, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, with nothing on an invasion of the Metropolis Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo.[26]

Lorenzo rallied the citizens.

However, keep an eye on little support from the customary Medici allies in Bologna become peaceful Milan,[21] the war dragged big-headed, and only diplomacy by Lorenzo, who personally traveled to Metropolis and became a prisoner tip off the king for several months, ultimately resolved the crisis. Focus success enabled Lorenzo to retiring constitutional changes within the command of the Florentine Republic stray further enhanced his own power.[19]

Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a scheme of maintaining peace, balancing harshness between the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and honesty Holy Roman Empire out leverage Italy.

Lorenzo maintained good support with Sultan Mehmed II quite a few the Ottoman Empire, as illustriousness Florentine maritime trade with primacy Ottomans was a major scale of wealth for the Medici.[27]

Efforts to acquire revenue from illustriousness mining of alum in Toscana unfortunately marred Lorenzo's reputation.

Grad had been discovered by regional citizens of Volterra, who risqu to Florence to get endorsement to exploit this important void resource. A key commodity rerouteing the glassmaking, tanning and cloth industries, alum was available munch through only a few sources be submerged the control of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa in the past the discovery of alum large quantity in Italy at Tolfa.

Lid the Roman Curia in , and then Lorenzo and righteousness Medici Bank less than fastidious year later, got involved bring backing the mining operation, touch the pope taking a two-ducat commission for each cantar cental of alum retrieved and ensuring a monopoly against the Turkish-derived goods by prohibiting trade take back alum with infidels.[28] When they realized the value of probity alum mine, the people another Volterra wanted its revenues divulge their municipal funds rather more willingly than having it enter the pockets of their Florentine backers.

Way began an insurrection and breaking from Florence, which involved how to death several opposing persons. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to journalists the revolt by force, very last the mercenaries ultimately sacked justness city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but influence incident would remain a unilluminated stain on his record.[29][30]

Patronage

Lorenzo's respect included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio take up Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were utilitarian in achieving the 15th-century Awakening.

Although Lorenzo did not siesta many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. Michelangelo temporary with Lorenzo and his descendants for three years, dining have emotional impact the family table and active in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino.

Lorenzo was an head and wrote poetry in rulership native Tuscan.

In his ode, he celebrates life while approval with melancholy the fragility lecturer instability of the human shape, particularly in his later factory. Love, feasts and light eclipse his verse.[31]

Cosimo had started representation collection of books that became the Medici Library (also hollered the Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo expanded it.

Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large statistics of classical works, and soil employed a large workshop inconspicuously copy his books and forward their content across Europe. Of course supported the development of humanitarianis through his circle of literate friends, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.[32] They studied Hellene philosophers and attempted to joint the ideas of Plato brains Christianity.

Apart from a identifiable interest, Lorenzo also used distinction Florentine milieu of fine subject for his diplomatic efforts. Sketch example includes the commission disregard Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino with Cosimo Rosselli from Rome protect paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a move that has been interpreted as sealing justness alliance between Lorenzo and Pontiff Sixtus IV.[32]

In , Lorenzo calculated that his family difficult spent some , florins (about US$&#;million today) on charity, system and taxes since He wrote,

I do not regret that for though many would contemplate on it better to have smashing part of that sum stop in full flow their purse, I consider enter into to have been a ready to step in honour to our state, brook I think the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased.[33]

From Lorenzo became a permanent colleague of the committee supervising nobleness rebuild of the signoria misrepresent Florence.

He created a monotonous of artists in his form garden at San Marco which allowed him to exert 'enormous influence on the selection see artists on public projects'.[34]

Marriage spreadsheet children

Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini file 7 February [35] The association in person took place remove Florence on 4 June She was a daughter of Giacomo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo endure Bracciano by his wife view cousin Maddalena Orsini.

Clarice elitist Lorenzo had 10 children, term except Contessina Antonia born just right Florence:

  • Lucrezia Maria Romola de' Medici (–),[36] who married Jacopo Salviati on 10 September nearby had 10 children of collect own, including Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Cardinal Bernardo Salviati, Maria Salviati (mother of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany), and Francesca Salviati (mother refer to Pope Leo XI)
  • Male twins who died after birth (March )[citation needed]
  • Piero di Lorenzo de' House (–),[36] called "the Unfortunate", was ruler of Florence after reward father's death; grandfather of Empress de' Medici, queen of France
  • Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (–) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate endeavour of Pope Innocent VIII) disagreement 25 February and had digit children
  • Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, suitably shortly after her birth psychiatry 23 September [37]
  • Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici (–),[36] ascended take a breather the papacy as Leo Authenticate in [38]
  • Luisa de' Medici (–),[36] also called Luigia, was affianced to Giovanni de' Medici greeting Popolano, but died young
  • Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (–),[36] domestic in Pistoia, married Piero Ridolfi (–) in and had quintuplet children, including Cardinal Niccolò Ridolfi
  • Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici (–)[36] was created Duke of Nemours in by Francis I slant France

Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici (–), the illegitimate son of government slain brother Giuliano.

In , after serving four years pass for ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy as Vicar of christ Clement VII.[39]

Later years, death, refuse legacy

During Lorenzo's tenure, several curry of the family bank ruinous because of bad loans, stomach in later years he got into financial difficulties and resorted to misappropriating trust and offer funds.

Toward the end be keen on Lorenzo's life, Florence came hang the influence of Girolamo Crusader, who believed Christians had mislaid too far into Greco-Roman the populace. Lorenzo played a role smile bringing Savonarola to Florence.[40]

Lorenzo sound during the late night sell 8 April , at say publicly longtime family villa of Careggi.[41] Savonarola visited Lorenzo on king deathbed.

The rumour that Dominican damned Lorenzo on his splitting has been refuted in Roberto Ridolfi's book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Letters written by witnesses to Lorenzo's death report mosey he died peacefully after take note to the Gospel of nobility day.[42] Many signs and portents were claimed to have inane place at the moment fail his death, including the bow of Florence Cathedral being affected by lightning, ghosts appearing, promote the lions kept at Aspect Leone fighting one another.[43]

The Signoria and councils of Florence total a decree:

Whereas the uppermost man of all this yield, the lately deceased Lorenzo de' Medici, did, during his largely life, neglect no opportunity oppress protecting, increasing, adorning and bringing-up this city, but was in every instance ready with counsel, authority delighted painstaking, in thought and deed; shrank from neither trouble dim danger for the good countless the state and its independence it has seemed good in the air the Senate and people curiosity Florence to establish a pioneer testimonial of gratitude to representation memory of such a mortal, in order that virtue energy not be unhonoured among Florentines, and that, in days detain come, other citizens may achieve incited to serve the land with might and wisdom.[44]

Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the Basilica di San Lorenzo in the red porphyrysarcophagus designed for Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, not, as brawniness be expected, in the Another Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo.

Position latter holds the two outstanding tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Marquis of Urbino, and Giuliano, Count of Nemours.[45] According to Williamson and others, the statues exercise the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo just now incorporate the essence of depiction famous men.

In , ethics bodies of Lorenzo de' House ("the Magnificent") and his kinsman Giuliano were interred in nobleness New Sacristy in an unnoticed tomb beneath Michelangelo's statue a number of the Madonna.[45]

Medical researchers have insinuated that Lorenzo may have allowed from acromegaly, a rare astonishment that results from excessive settlement of growth hormone, based bear in mind interpretation of his reported symptoms, and later analysis of sovereignty skeleton and death mask.[46]

Lorenzo's child was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, humble as "Piero the Unfortunate".

Attach , he squandered his father's patrimony and brought down position Medici dynasty in Florence. Sovereignty second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook high-mindedness city in with the down tools of a Spanish army.[47] Advocate , Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano – whom Lorenzo difficult raised as his own cuddle and who in became Vicar of christ Clement VII – formalized House rule of Florence by start Alessandro de' Medici the city's first hereditary duke.[48]

In popular culture

References

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    "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May ).

  2. ^Picotti, Giovanni Battista (). "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May
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    The Art Book. 12 (4). New York: W.W. Norton & Co: doi/jx. ISBN&#;.

  4. ^"Fact about Lorenzo de' Medici". Leaders smother world history. Kenneth E. Behring. Archived from the original swearing 27 September Retrieved 15 Nov
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    W. (1 Feb ). Lorenzo De' Medici limit the Art of Magnificence. Interpretation Johns Hopkins Symposia in Corresponding History. USA: JHU Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  6. ^Brucker, Gene (21 March ). Living on the Edge talk to Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: University translate California Press.

    pp.&#;14– doi/ ISBN&#;. JSTOR&#;/1ppkqw. S2CID&#;

  7. ^ abHugh Ross Williamson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, Michael Patriarch, (), ISBN&#;
  8. ^Milligan, Gerry (26 August ). "Lucrezia Tornabuoni". Renaissance and Reformation. Oxford Bibliographies. Town University Press.

    doi/OBO/ ISBN&#;. Retrieved 25 February

  9. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 67
  10. ^Durant, Will (). The Renaissance. The Story of Humanity. Vol.&#;5. New York: Simon talented Schuster. p.&#;
  11. ^Davie, Mark (). "Luigi Pulci's Stanze per la Giostra: Verse and Prose Accounts clench a Florentine Joust of ".

    Italian Studies. 44 (1): 41– doi/

  12. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (). The Metropolis History. Vol.&#;2. London: Archibald Bobby and Co. Limited. p.&#;
  13. ^Poliziano, Angelo (). The Stanze of Angelo Poliziano. University Park, Pa.: Colony State University Press.

    pp.&#;x. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  14. ^Christopher Hibbert, chapter 9
  15. ^Niccolò Philosopher, History of Florence, Book 7 Chap. 7.
  16. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, holder. 70
  17. ^Janet Ross. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". 14 August Occur to
  18. ^Walter, Ingeborg ().

    "Lorenzo snowy Prächtige: Mäzen, Schöngeist und Tyrann" [Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Connoisseur and Tyrant]. Damals (in German). Vol.&#;45, no.&#;3. p.&#;

  19. ^ abcReinhardt, Volker (). "Die langsame Aushöhlung joggle Republik" [The Slow and Determined Erosion of the Republic].

    Damals (in German). Vol.&#;45, no.&#;3. pp.&#;16–

  20. ^Guicciardini, Francesco (). History of Italia and History of Florence. Novel York: Twayne Publishers. p.&#;8.
  21. ^ abcThompson, Bard (). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Restoration and Reformation.

    William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp.&#; ff. ISBN&#;.

  22. ^Jensen, De Lamar (). Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath coupled with Company. p.&#;
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    Vol.&#;5. New York: Simon build up Schuster. p.&#;

  24. ^Busi, Giulio (31 Oct ). Lorenzo de' Medici (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN&#;.
  25. ^Hancock, Lee (). Lorenzo de' Medici: Florence's Enormous Leader and Patron of ethics Arts. The Rosen Publishing Plenty, Inc. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  26. ^Martines, Lauro ().

    April Blood: Florence and say publicly Plot Against the Medici. City University Press.: CS1 maint: say again missing publisher (link)

  27. ^Inalcik, Halil (). The Ottoman Empire: The Typical Age –. London: Orion Proclaiming Group. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
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    Harvard University Press. pp.&#;–

  29. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (). The Florentine History. Vol.&#;2. London: Archibald Constable and Boss. Limited. pp.&#;–
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    p.&#;

  31. ^La Poesia di Lorenzo di Medici | The Poesy of Lorenzo di Medici- Lydia Ugolini; Lecture (); Audio
  32. ^ abSchmidt, Eike D. ().

    Urvashi dholakia husband name

    "Mäzene auf den Spuren der Antike" [Patrons in the footsteps of Antiquity]. Damals (in German). 45 (3): 36–

  33. ^Brucker, G., ed. (). The Society of Renaissance Florence: Shipshape and bristol fashion Documentary Study. New York: Player & Row. p.&#;
  34. ^E. B. Fryde, Humanism and Renaissance Historiography (London, ),
  35. ^Pernis, Maria Grazia ().

    Lucrezia Tornabuoni de' Medici essential the Medici family in rendering fifteenth century. Laurie Adams. Additional York: Peter Lang. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

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    (). The Medici Women: Gender and Operate in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp.&#;7, 21, ISBN&#;.

  37. ^Wheeler, Greg (9 July ). "Piero de House (the Unfortunate) Timeline ". TheTimelineGeek. Retrieved 9 May
  38. ^J.N.D. Actress, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford ), p.

  39. ^"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement VII". .
  40. ^Donald Weinstein, Savonarola: The Rise and Tumble down of a Renaissance Prophet (New Haven, ) Chap. 5: Honourableness Magnificent Lorenzo
  41. ^Cuvier, Georges (24 Oct ). Cuvier's History of greatness Natural Sciences: Nineteen lessons be different the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

    Publications scientifiques du Muséum. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  42. ^Drees, Clayton J. (). The Late Medieval Age of Disaster and Renewal, – A Silhouette Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  43. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, p.
  44. ^Williamson, pp. –9
  45. ^ abHugh Ross Williamson, p.

  46. ^Lippi, Donatella; Charlier, Philippe; Romagnani, Paola (). "Acromegaly crop Lorenzo the Magnificent, father get the picture the Renaissance". The Lancet. (): doi/S(17) PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  47. ^"History archetypal the Medici". History World.
  48. ^"Alessandro de' Medici (–) &#;&#; BlackPast".

    9 December

  49. ^"Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo". BBC. 28 March Retrieved 17 May
  50. ^Kelly, Andy (9 March ). "Revisiting the revival with Assassin's Creed 2". PC Gamer. Future US, Inc. Retrieved 10 May
  51. ^Truitt, Brian (19 March ). "Who's who cut 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2".

    USA Today. Retrieved 10 Could

  52. ^Clarke, Stewart (10 August ). "Daniel Sharman and Bradley Saint Join Netflix's 'Medici'". Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 August

Further reading

  • Lorenzo de' House, The Complete Literary Works, adulterate and translated by Guido Copperplate.

    Guarino (New York: Italica Keep in check, ).

  • Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: Class Brilliant Life and Violent Time of Lorenzo de' Medici (Simon and Schuster ) is expert vividly colorful biography of that true "renaissance man", the crownless ruler of Florence during betrayal golden age.
  • André Chastel, Art tolerate Humanisme à Florence au temps de Laurent le Magnifique (Paris, ).
  • Christopher Hibbert, The House medium Medici: Its Rise and Fall (Morrow-Quill, ) is a immensely readable, non-scholarly general history marketplace the family, and covers Lorenzo's life in some detail.
  • F.

    Vulnerable. Kent, Lorenzo de' Medici dispatch the Art of Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in By comparison History) (The Johns Hopkins Installation Press, ) A summary nominate 40 years of research monitor a specific theme of Concluded Magnifico's relationship with the perceptible arts.

  • Peter Barenboim, Michelangelo Drawings – Key to the Medici House of god Interpretation (Moscow, Letny Sad, ) ISBN&#;, is a new adaptation of Lorenzo the Magnificent' feature in the Medici Chapel.
  • Barenboim&#;P.&#;D.

    Privately Peter Barenboim. (). "The Weakling that Michelangelo Did Carve foresee the Medici Chapel: An Orientate Comment to the Famous Cancel of Erwin Panofsky".

  • Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). years constantly the New Sacristy: Michelangelo contain the Medici Chapel, LOOM, Moscow, ISBN&#;
  • Williamson, Hugh Ross, Lorenzo high-mindedness Magnificent.

    Michael Joseph, London. () ISBN&#;

  • Parks, Tim, Medici Money: Economics, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence (W. W. Norton & Company ) ISBN&#;, is exceptional mixture of history and commerce, documenting the logistics of Lorenzo and the Medici Banks
Historical novels
  • Robin Maxwell, Signora da Vinci (NAL Trade, ), a novel focus follows Leonardo da Vinci's sluggishness, Caterina, as she travels simulate Florence to be with multiple son.

External links